Research on fluid loss consistently finds measurable declines in endurance capacity, strength output and cognitive performance at losses of around two per cent of body mass — a level most people reach without registering strong thirst.
For an 85 kg man that is under two litres. A hot day, a hard session, or simply forgetting to drink through a busy morning gets you there.
Thirst is triggered largely by blood osmolality changes that occur after fluid loss has begun. By the time you feel properly thirsty, performance has typically already dipped.
This is why 'drink when thirsty' is adequate for sedentary daily life and inadequate around training or physical work.
Not as often as sports marketing suggests. For ordinary training under an hour in temperate conditions, water is sufficient and a balanced diet supplies the sodium and potassium you lose.
Electrolytes become genuinely relevant with prolonged sessions over an hour, heavy sweating, hot or humid conditions, or repeated sessions in a day.
Dehydration reduces plasma volume, which raises cardiovascular strain at any given workload — the circulation side of performance is directly affected. It also worsens perceived fatigue, which muddies any attempt to judge whether a supplement is working.
Fix hydration before drawing conclusions about anything else. It is free, immediate, and it removes a confounding variable from every other assessment you make.

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